Aristogoras of Miletus Essay Example for Free

Aristogoras of Miletus Essay In 499 BCE, Aristagoras made a mistake that greatly changed history and led to western ideas being spread throughout the world, a major turning point in shaping the culture of future generations. It resulted in many wars and conquests but ultimately this mistake is why today delegates to the United Nations wear suits and ties instead of turbans. Aristagoras was the Persian governor of Miletus on the edge of the Persian Empire. The nearby island of Naxos rebelled against the Persian Empire and Aristagoras seized the opportunity to take it back and get a promotion to a better position from the Persian emperor Darius I. At the very least, even if it did not lead to advancement, he could add Naxos to his growing state and get money from the taxes on its citizens. Since Naxos was an island, Aristagoras needed a navy to conquer it so he got the help of Artaphernes, the governor of Lydia and Darius’ brother, to supply his navy to take Naxos in exchange for some of the plunder. In addition, Artaphernes provided Aristagoras with his skilled and clever naval admiral, Megabates. Unfortunately, Aristagoras publically insulted Megabates leading him to warn the people of Naxos of the impending invasion. The invasion failed because the people of Naxos were prepared and Aristagoras was defeated. The problem was that Aristagoras promised Artaphernes a portion of his booty and since he had none, Artaphernes would take revenge. At the very least Aristagoras would be exiled, but most likely Artaphernes would kill him, easily within his power since he was the brother of the king and had connections. To save his skin, Aristagoras started a revolt against Persia and got some of his neighbors to help him, such as Athens and Ephesus. His army marched to Sardis, the capital of Lydia, and burnt it to the ground while Artaphernes hid in the citadel. Darius I saw what happened and quickly defeated all of the rebels except for the Athenians who escaped by ship. Darius then launched the first of the Persian Wars which culminated at the Battle of Marathon, where the Greeks easily defeated the Persians, ending the war. The second of the Persian Wars was launched by Darius’ son, Xerxes, which the Persians â€Å"won† after the battle of Thermopolis, but they later lost Greece in a rebellion. Greece survived and a few hundred years later, the son of Philip of Macedon, Alexander the Great, spread Western culture in his vast conquests. â€Å"The world as we know today† is because of Aristagoras’ mistake that shaped the west (Fawcett 5). Context of that World The Mediterranean world in 499 BCE was very different from our own; the main power was the Persian Empire. Persia was a very large empire consisting of twenty provinces called satrapies which were ruled by a governor, or satrap. The satrap was appointed by the king who at that time was Darius I. The satrap’s duties included taxing the people, acting as a judge, and making important decisions for the satrapy. The farther the satrapy was from the capital, the more autonomous it was because at that time the fastest communication was on horseback, which often took months to get from one part of the empire to another. It also took many months to raise an army and march it to the farthest part of the empire if a problem needed to be handled. As a result, the satraps on the far reaches of the Persian Empire acted as kings of their own satrapies and could, in general, do as they pleased, which describes Aristagoras and his satrapy Miletus. While the rule of the different satraps varied based on their location, they were all united with a uniform system of laws and judges. They shared abundant resources and order was maintained. They were also all connected by a well maintained and patrolled system of roads and cultural and technological exchange was ongoing. This existed in sharp contrast to the Greeks, who were divided in hundreds of different independent entities, called polis, ruled by tyrants. Though bound together by language, religion, and lifestyle, they were a resource poor region. As a result, each polis was fiercely jealous of independence and suspicious of their neighbors, with frequent conflicts erupting. While, collectively, they occupied a large area, they were not a dominant world force at that time. All this changed after Darius declared war, and the major polis came together and formed an alliance to counteract the Persian threat. Although Greece continued as an independent collection of city states after they defeated the Persians, they were eventually brought together under the rule of Philip of Macedon. Expansion of the Greek Empire continued under the rule of his son Alexander the Great as the Greek way of life spread throughout much of the Mediterranean area and into southwest Asia, forming the foundation western culture. Bibliography Abbott, E. A History of Greece, Part II: From the Ionian Revolt to the Thirty Years’ Peace 500-445 B.C. New York, Putnam, 1892. Although an old work, this book will provide a good synopsis of Greek history and the impact of Aristagoras’ actions on Greek history. Curtis, John E. and Nigel Tallis. Forgotten Empire: The World of Ancient Persia. Los Angelos: University of California Press, 2005. This resource provides an in-depth perspective of the complete history of the Persian Empire and the impact of Aristagoras. It also has a lengthy bibliography that can be used to find further resources. Fawcett, Bill. 100 Mistakes that Changed History. New York: Penguin Group, 2010. This book provides an excellent overview of Aristagoras’ rule of Miletus and the subsequent rebellion that resulted in the war between the Persian Empire and the Greeks and how his actions changed history. Herodotus, The Histories, Revised. Trans. Aubrey de Salincourt. Ed. John M. Marincola. New York: Penguin Books, 2003. The only existing primary source, this edition also includes editorial comments to aid in understanding of the text, a glossary, timetable, and index. An updated bibliography is also provided which can be used to find additional sources for further research. Holland, Tom. Persian Fire: The First World Empire and the Battle for the West. New York: Doubleday, 2006. A relatively recent work, this book will provide a more updated viewpoint and accounting of historical events surrounding Aristagoras. How, W. and J. Wells. A Commentary on Herodotus, with Introduction and Appendices Volume 2 (Books V-IX). New York: Oxford University Press, 2000.

Essay --

Change For the Better Life changes in an instant. One day you’re just playing with your friends and the next your whole life is ending. The events that happen in a person’s life changes how they are as a person; it can either make them a better person or destroy them. In the novel The Separate Peace Finny grows as a person as the story progresses on, he faces tough situations that reveal he’s inner self. In the beginning of the novel, Finny is an outstanding athlete, friendly, and he is able to talk his way out of any tough situation he gets himself into. He is a type of person who will do anything he wants when he wants; he’s carefree. â€Å"I was beginning to see that Phineas could get away with anything† (Knowles 18). Finny is adventurous, he comes up with things knowing the risk of him getting in trouble is high. â€Å"Finny’s life was ruled by inspiration and anarchy, so he prized a set of rules†(Knowles 26). He almost lived by his own rules, he did what he wanted, what made him happy. He is also quite innocent making him naà ¯ve. â€Å"Finny had deliberately set out to wreck my studies† (Knowles 45). He doesn’t do anything intentionally; he actually thinks so highly of his friends, that they could never do any harm to him. â€Å"No I just wanted to see if I could do it. Now I know. But I don’t want to do it in public†(K nowles 35). In the quote stated, his athletic skills really show and so does his innocence. He didn’t need the whole school to know that he beat a swimming record; him knowing was the best satisfaction he could have. In the midway of the novel, Finny’s life takes a turn and goes downhill from there. Sports are a big part of his life, without it, half of him is basically gone. â€Å"Sports are finished for him, after an accident li... ...ly achieved; when one is able to forgive someone who was set out to ruin their life. All in all, tough situations that a person goes through either make them or break them. In the novel The Separate Peace innocence vanished from Finny. The situations he went through made him understand life better. That life isn’t always full of happiness; there are bumps in the road. He had a harder time accepting that because his life was amazing in the beginning and he didn’t expect it to take a turn that he nearly lost himself. Along with the things he went through he grew as a person; the lost of his innocence made him see things clearer; that there was bad sides to some situations. Finny saw that when Gene confesses that it was his fault that he fell off the tree, but he is mature about it because he was able to forgive Gene. That’s one thing he never lost though, kindness.

Mexico to USA Migration Case Study

Migration is the movement of people from one area to another, be it across the road, or to the other side of the earth. Everyday over 2000 Mexicans try and cross the 2000km border that spans between Mexico and the USA. The immigrants walk for miles to try and illegally enter the country and for many it is a wasted journey as they are returned shortly after by the US border patrol police. The immigrants usually travel in groups of 10 and up, friends and families together as a large group. To try and make the journey easier they will often travel lightly, meaning they carry no heavy, but vital, supplies such as food and water. This often leads to things such as dehydration and death as they cross the hot and dry border. Another way the immigrants will try and gain access is through human smugglers, whereby the immigrants will pay the smugglers large sums of money to smuggle them across the border. Once across the border it's now a game of ‘hide and seek' with the immigration officers. After crossing the border without being caught they will usually meet in some form of safe house, usually provided by the human smugglers. Once they are settled they will often rent houses in large groups so that can cut the costs dramatically and easily afford it. They can't stay for long though as eventually they would be caught, so to keep their trail clean they move from house to house as not to alert the police. WHY MIGRATE? People migrate places for many different reasons be it for family or money ect. These reasons can be classified as 4 different categories; economic, social, political or environmental: * Economic migration – moving to find work or to follow a particular career path only available in such place * Social Migration – moving for a better quality of life or to live with or closer to family or friends * Political Migration – moving to escape/avoid political disputes, persecution or war. * Environmental Migration – moving to escape natural disasters such as flooding For the reasons above many people choose to migrate. For example migrants who move country to find work for money and food. Other migrants are forced during times of war and natural disaster. MAP Below is a map of the USA and Mexico. The map shows the movement of migrants as the cross the USA/Mexico border. The highest rates of migrants are found to be from the bordering states living in the USA's bordering states. The arrows on the map point from where most Mexican migrants come from, and where they usually end up. They want the journey to be as quick as possible; they don't travel far and often stay in the neighboring states. Migrant Movement Border between Mexico and the USA PUSH AND PULL FACTORS Just like everything in life there is always something that makes you want do something else. The same applies to the Mexican migrants and there are many ‘push and pull' factors for why the Mexican migrants would want to migrate. Push Factors Push factors are the reasons why people are pushed away from and what to leave an area. There are many push factors for why migrants would want to leave their country and I have listed the most common below. They are all traits of an LEDC, where most migrants come for. * Lack of services – often a problem in LEDC's where most migrants are from. Poor countries cannot afford to provide good quality services as MEDC's do. * Lack of safety – often a problem in LEDC's, people cannot afford to pay for repairs and safety equipment ect and things go to ruin. * High crime – often a problem in poorer countries as people cannot find work or don't earn enough money to make ends meet, many people turn to crime. * Crop failure – this isn't just something you seen in poor countries but for a poor country it is a big loss and could be the final push someone needs to just get out of their old life. * Drought – this often leads to crop failure and as I mentioned above this can be a big problem for someone relying on it to feed their family. * Flooding – flooding is serious business and can cause masses of damage even destroying houses, losing your house could make you want to migrate to a better life. * Poverty – nobody likes having no money, well imagine spending everyday barely making ends meet, you'd want change and quick. * War – refuges often migrate to escape the terror and dangers of war as civilian casualties are often high in LEDC wars. Pull Factors Pull factors are the reasons why people want to and are pulled towards an area. There are many factors for why migrants would want to live in another country and I have listed the most common below. They are all traits of an MEDC, where most migrants migrate to. * Higher employment – as is often the case in MEDC's there is much more jobs available with much higher wages. * More wealth – In MEDC's people on average tend to have more money, due to the higher paid jobs. * Better services – More money means better services, things such as emergency personnel, education ect. * Safer, less crime – Places with more money tend to have less crime as people can afford to pay their way. * Political stability – Less chance of a political breakdown and wars breaking out. * More fertile land – less chance of losing crops and crops will be stronger and better than ever earring the farmer more money for his work. * Lower risk of natural hazards – natural disasters destroy just about everything from your home to your family. Moving away from them would be the best option. IMPACTS OF MIGRATION Immigration has both positive and its negative effects on the countries. The major problem that Mexico has with the immigration of its people to the USA is that the majority of migrants are young, without families. This means that old people are left behind in Mexico and this has no good effects on Mexico's population. The older people cannot look after themselves or even boost the population for that matter. This is truer as in Mexico it's usually the men who migrate leaving the women behind to look after their family whilst the men bring money in from a job in the USA. There is also the big problem with Mexico's economy. The country is already very poor and with most people immigrating to America to find work there is no way money is every going to get back into Mexico's economy. For this reason many people turn to the drugs business producing and exporting drugs to distribute across the USA. Although this brings money into the country its accounts for m any deaths across the country and is not taxed and therefore the government looses out again. In the USA, Immigrants cost the country millions of us dollars a year. The money is spent on enforcing the border patrols and the migrants being held for deportation. The problem the USA have is that the Mexican's take all of the low paid, labor intensive jobs and are very happy and grateful of the opportunity. Americans on the other hand are less for the idea and as the Mexicans become more popular racial attacks are often a big problem. For the USA though the Mexicans doing the low paid jobs is perfectly good for the economy, the work gets done at a low price, and the workers are enthusiastic, very great full of the opportunity they have gotten, what more could you ask for? Problems arise in America when immigrants start to gain sate benefits. With the migrants being illegal they're not on record and hence are not accounted for the distribution of benefits, America could lose lots of money through benefit fraud. WHAT IS THE USA DOING TO STOP ILLIGAL IMMIGRARTION? One of the most important methods of stopping illegal immigration America uses is border patrol security. This method involves the border between Mexico and the USA being patrolled by security officers in order to try and stop any immigrants from illegally entering the country. The officers use many methods of enforcement and even have drones that can fly the border and spot any intruders. The officers are armed and will take down anybody trying to breach security, sounds harsh but essentially what the immigrants are doing is putting the countries security at risk by crossing the border as they cannot keep tabs on who is entering. MY OPINION My opinion on Mexico-America immigration is slightly mixed. On one hand for America's sake I think that more of an effort should be made to control immigration so as not ruin both Mexico's and America's economy. This will also stop Mexico's population for dropping, which if it did drop would result in the economy of Mexico being even worse. As long as the immigration is controlled and not stopped then I am sure that the relationship will work and that America would benefit economically from it. On the other hand though it doesn't feel right not allowing the Mexicans access to America, because they're immigrants. At the end of the day the USA was originally founded by immigrants from Europe, not to mention the fact that during the Mexico-US war, the USA ‘stole' (some argue it was paid for) ; Texas, Arizona, new Mexico and California from Mexico. In my opinion they have every right to enter America as they will.

The Applications Of Genetic Engineering - 1897 Words

The applications of genetic engineering; Genetic engineering is involved in the production of insulin Monoclonal antibodies Vaccines Further use in the medicine industry Antihemophilic factors Other drugs Human albumin Human growth hormones which treat infertility The applications of genetic engineering; The use of technology allows genetic engineering to discover new thing in the body like the function and structure of genes. The increased development of technology has allowed plants, microbes and even animals to be genetically modified. Organisms are genetically engineered to discover the functions of certain genes. Other applications include transforming microorganisms such as bacteria cells with a gene coding for a useful protein.†¦show more content†¦For example, when two nucleotides come together to repair the DNA strand by joining together. There are two main types of DNA ligase, the first is found only in prokaryotic cells. The second is found in eukaryotic cells . Furthermore, mammals have four subtypes of ligases that vary in their function; DNA ligase III, this contains a DNA repair protein, called XRCC1, that helps to repair the DNA strand that occurs during nucleotide repair. Eukaryotic DNA ligases are larger than the prokaryotic cells. Therefore DNA ligase has a very important role of assisting with DNA repair and replication. It is an important feature of genetic recombination and w hen it comes to cloning. Ligases have the ability to join any DNA fragments with blunt ends. They can also join DNA fragments with sticky ends, but only if the nucleotides on the strands are complementary. To get complementary sticky ends the DNA fragments to be joined must be cut with the same restriction enzyme. Screening to identify transformed cells- there are many methods of screening that can take place on vectors in the form of positive selection, using a positive selection vector would be a simple option. 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